TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bogdanović, Jelena
AU  - Forehand, Leslie
AU  - Dragović, Magdalena
AU  - Danilović, Dušan
AU  - Yeager, Travis
AU  - Chatterjee, Debanjana
AU  - Gasper, Jacob
AU  - Pejić, Marko
AU  - Čučaković, Aleksandar
AU  - Martinenko, Anastasija
AU  - Mandal, Suvadip
AU  - Kerton, Charles
PY  - 2023
UR  - https://grafar.grf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3092
AB  - This paper presents an analytical model to analyze illumination of the church interior during the evening service. The focus is on the artificial light achieved using church lighting fixtures known as polycandela, which are suspended directly below the church dome. The analysis focuses on the main church (katholikon) at Studenica Monastery, built in Serbia sometime before 1208/9. By using a computer-generated model of the Studenica church derived from high-precision laser scanning and close-range photogrammetry rather than from more conventional architectural drawings of the church, we recreate the actual three-dimensional space of the church interior. Our model allows for a quantitative calculation and analysis of the amount of artificial light that could have been achieved inside medieval churches. We apply this model for the church at Studenica to better understand the lighting of medieval structures as well as more abstract and diagrammatic qualities of the sacred space of the church manifested by light conditions.
T2  - Virtual workshop - Artificial Light in Medieval Churches between Byzantium and the West
T1  - Modeling the illumination of the church at Studenica monastery during evening services
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_3092
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Bogdanović, Jelena and Forehand, Leslie and Dragović, Magdalena and Danilović, Dušan and Yeager, Travis and Chatterjee, Debanjana and Gasper, Jacob and Pejić, Marko and Čučaković, Aleksandar and Martinenko, Anastasija and Mandal, Suvadip and Kerton, Charles",
year = "2023",
abstract = "This paper presents an analytical model to analyze illumination of the church interior during the evening service. The focus is on the artificial light achieved using church lighting fixtures known as polycandela, which are suspended directly below the church dome. The analysis focuses on the main church (katholikon) at Studenica Monastery, built in Serbia sometime before 1208/9. By using a computer-generated model of the Studenica church derived from high-precision laser scanning and close-range photogrammetry rather than from more conventional architectural drawings of the church, we recreate the actual three-dimensional space of the church interior. Our model allows for a quantitative calculation and analysis of the amount of artificial light that could have been achieved inside medieval churches. We apply this model for the church at Studenica to better understand the lighting of medieval structures as well as more abstract and diagrammatic qualities of the sacred space of the church manifested by light conditions.",
journal = "Virtual workshop - Artificial Light in Medieval Churches between Byzantium and the West",
title = "Modeling the illumination of the church at Studenica monastery during evening services",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_3092"
}

Bogdanović, J., Forehand, L., Dragović, M., Danilović, D., Yeager, T., Chatterjee, D., Gasper, J., Pejić, M., Čučaković, A., Martinenko, A., Mandal, S.,& Kerton, C.. (2023). Modeling the illumination of the church at Studenica monastery during evening services. in Virtual workshop - Artificial Light in Medieval Churches between Byzantium and the West.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_3092

Bogdanović J, Forehand L, Dragović M, Danilović D, Yeager T, Chatterjee D, Gasper J, Pejić M, Čučaković A, Martinenko A, Mandal S, Kerton C. Modeling the illumination of the church at Studenica monastery during evening services. in Virtual workshop - Artificial Light in Medieval Churches between Byzantium and the West. 2023;.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_3092 .

Bogdanović, Jelena, Forehand, Leslie, Dragović, Magdalena, Danilović, Dušan, Yeager, Travis, Chatterjee, Debanjana, Gasper, Jacob, Pejić, Marko, Čučaković, Aleksandar, Martinenko, Anastasija, Mandal, Suvadip, Kerton, Charles, "Modeling the illumination of the church at Studenica monastery during evening services" in Virtual workshop - Artificial Light in Medieval Churches between Byzantium and the West (2023),
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_3092 .

TY  - CHAP
AU  - Yeager, Travis
AU  - Bogdanović, Jelena
AU  - Forehand, Leslie
AU  - Danilović, Dušan
AU  - Dragović, Magdalena
AU  - Chatterjee, Debanjana
AU  - Gasper, Jacob
AU  - Pejić, Marko
AU  - Čučaković, Aleksandar
AU  - Martinenko, Anastasija
AU  - Kerton, Charles
PY  - 2022
UR  - https://grafar.grf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2925
AB  - The Church of the Mother of God at Studenica Monastery in Serbia was estab-
lished by the medieval Serbian ruler and founder of his own dynasty, Stefan
Nemanja (r. 1169–1196).1 The church is finely proportioned. Sophisticated
treatment of wall surfaces additionally enriches the high-quality construc-
tion in stone (figure 10.1). Nicely carved architectural sculpture enlivens the
church exterior while extensive fresco decoration adorns the interior walls.
The building is a single-nave structure, with a dominant square-based domical
core and a tripartite sanctuary, typical for Byzantine-rite churches (figure 10.2).
Architecturally and structurally speaking, this design is essentially a condensed
form of a typical Middle Byzantine church, known as an atrophied Greek-cross
church.2 In such churches, as in Studenica church, the lateral arms of the cross
are reduced to narrow barrel vaults. Thus, these vaults effectively become mas-
sive arches that project from structural piers; the same piers that carry trans-
versal arches, which support the domical core of the structure.
PB  - BRILL
T2  - Natural Light in Medieval Churches
T1  - Modeling the Sunlight Illumination of the Church at Studenica Monastery
EP  - 277
SP  - 253
VL  - 88
DO  - 10.1163/9789004527980_012
ER  - 

@inbook{
author = "Yeager, Travis and Bogdanović, Jelena and Forehand, Leslie and Danilović, Dušan and Dragović, Magdalena and Chatterjee, Debanjana and Gasper, Jacob and Pejić, Marko and Čučaković, Aleksandar and Martinenko, Anastasija and Kerton, Charles",
year = "2022",
abstract = "The Church of the Mother of God at Studenica Monastery in Serbia was estab-
lished by the medieval Serbian ruler and founder of his own dynasty, Stefan
Nemanja (r. 1169–1196).1 The church is finely proportioned. Sophisticated
treatment of wall surfaces additionally enriches the high-quality construc-
tion in stone (figure 10.1). Nicely carved architectural sculpture enlivens the
church exterior while extensive fresco decoration adorns the interior walls.
The building is a single-nave structure, with a dominant square-based domical
core and a tripartite sanctuary, typical for Byzantine-rite churches (figure 10.2).
Architecturally and structurally speaking, this design is essentially a condensed
form of a typical Middle Byzantine church, known as an atrophied Greek-cross
church.2 In such churches, as in Studenica church, the lateral arms of the cross
are reduced to narrow barrel vaults. Thus, these vaults effectively become mas-
sive arches that project from structural piers; the same piers that carry trans-
versal arches, which support the domical core of the structure.",
publisher = "BRILL",
journal = "Natural Light in Medieval Churches",
booktitle = "Modeling the Sunlight Illumination of the Church at Studenica Monastery",
pages = "277-253",
volume = "88",
doi = "10.1163/9789004527980_012"
}

Yeager, T., Bogdanović, J., Forehand, L., Danilović, D., Dragović, M., Chatterjee, D., Gasper, J., Pejić, M., Čučaković, A., Martinenko, A.,& Kerton, C.. (2022). Modeling the Sunlight Illumination of the Church at Studenica Monastery. in Natural Light in Medieval Churches
BRILL., 88, 253-277.
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004527980_012

Yeager T, Bogdanović J, Forehand L, Danilović D, Dragović M, Chatterjee D, Gasper J, Pejić M, Čučaković A, Martinenko A, Kerton C. Modeling the Sunlight Illumination of the Church at Studenica Monastery. in Natural Light in Medieval Churches. 2022;88:253-277.
doi:10.1163/9789004527980_012 .

Yeager, Travis, Bogdanović, Jelena, Forehand, Leslie, Danilović, Dušan, Dragović, Magdalena, Chatterjee, Debanjana, Gasper, Jacob, Pejić, Marko, Čučaković, Aleksandar, Martinenko, Anastasija, Kerton, Charles, "Modeling the Sunlight Illumination of the Church at Studenica Monastery" in Natural Light in Medieval Churches, 88 (2022):253-277,
https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004527980_012 . .

TY  - CONF
AU  - Bogdanović, Jelena
AU  - Dragović, Magdalena
AU  - Čučaković, Aleksandar
AU  - Pejić, Marko
AU  - Forehand, Leslie
AU  - Danilović, Dušan
AU  - Kerton, Charles
AU  - Stević, Zoran
AU  - Yeager, Travis
AU  - Gasper, Jacob
AU  - Martinenko, Anastasija
PY  - 2020
UR  - https://mong2020masbg.wordpress.com/2020/09/06/the-exhibition/
UR  - https://grafar.grf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2261
AB  - This project reveals surveying data and architectural design of the major church in the Studenica monastery complex in Serbia reflected in a variety of 3D models and the analysis of the church interior and exterior. Architecture-driven computational parametric modeling was done by using two types of data: close range photogrammetry and high precision laser scanning. The modeling, based on geometric parameters and other planimetric and volumetric analysis, is devised
during the four-year study as part of the project Parametric Research of the Studenica Church, a UNESCO Heritage Site, as a Model for Advanced Studies of Medieval Architecture. These models allow for better understanding and representation of the proportional, aesthetic and illumination qualities of the Studenica church and for prototyping procedures for examining other medieval domed churches where we lack more detailed references about their architectural design.
PB  - Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade
C3  - Dimensions reflected - catalog, Accompanying program of the 7th International scientific conference ’’moNGeometrija 2020’’
T1  - Parametric Modeling of the Church in the Studenica Monastery in Serbia
EP  - 16
IS  - Dimensions Reflected – Exhibition of ideas, designs and models
SP  - 16
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_2261
ER  - 

@conference{
author = "Bogdanović, Jelena and Dragović, Magdalena and Čučaković, Aleksandar and Pejić, Marko and Forehand, Leslie and Danilović, Dušan and Kerton, Charles and Stević, Zoran and Yeager, Travis and Gasper, Jacob and Martinenko, Anastasija",
year = "2020",
abstract = "This project reveals surveying data and architectural design of the major church in the Studenica monastery complex in Serbia reflected in a variety of 3D models and the analysis of the church interior and exterior. Architecture-driven computational parametric modeling was done by using two types of data: close range photogrammetry and high precision laser scanning. The modeling, based on geometric parameters and other planimetric and volumetric analysis, is devised
during the four-year study as part of the project Parametric Research of the Studenica Church, a UNESCO Heritage Site, as a Model for Advanced Studies of Medieval Architecture. These models allow for better understanding and representation of the proportional, aesthetic and illumination qualities of the Studenica church and for prototyping procedures for examining other medieval domed churches where we lack more detailed references about their architectural design.",
publisher = "Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade",
journal = "Dimensions reflected - catalog, Accompanying program of the 7th International scientific conference ’’moNGeometrija 2020’’",
title = "Parametric Modeling of the Church in the Studenica Monastery in Serbia",
pages = "16-16",
number = "Dimensions Reflected – Exhibition of ideas, designs and models",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_2261"
}

Bogdanović, J., Dragović, M., Čučaković, A., Pejić, M., Forehand, L., Danilović, D., Kerton, C., Stević, Z., Yeager, T., Gasper, J.,& Martinenko, A.. (2020). Parametric Modeling of the Church in the Studenica Monastery in Serbia. in Dimensions reflected - catalog, Accompanying program of the 7th International scientific conference ’’moNGeometrija 2020’’
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Belgrade.(Dimensions Reflected – Exhibition of ideas, designs and models), 16-16.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_2261

Bogdanović J, Dragović M, Čučaković A, Pejić M, Forehand L, Danilović D, Kerton C, Stević Z, Yeager T, Gasper J, Martinenko A. Parametric Modeling of the Church in the Studenica Monastery in Serbia. in Dimensions reflected - catalog, Accompanying program of the 7th International scientific conference ’’moNGeometrija 2020’’. 2020;(Dimensions Reflected – Exhibition of ideas, designs and models):16-16.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_2261 .

Bogdanović, Jelena, Dragović, Magdalena, Čučaković, Aleksandar, Pejić, Marko, Forehand, Leslie, Danilović, Dušan, Kerton, Charles, Stević, Zoran, Yeager, Travis, Gasper, Jacob, Martinenko, Anastasija, "Parametric Modeling of the Church in the Studenica Monastery in Serbia" in Dimensions reflected - catalog, Accompanying program of the 7th International scientific conference ’’moNGeometrija 2020’’, no. Dimensions Reflected – Exhibition of ideas, designs and models (2020):16-16,
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_2261 .

TY  - GEN
AU  - Yeager, Travis
AU  - Danilovic, Dusan
AU  - Karton, Charles
AU  - Bogdanović, Jelena
AU  - Dragović, Magdalena
PY  - 2020
UR  - https://grafar.grf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/2493
AB  - The local path of the Sun influences the architecture of our buildings. We have developed a model to measure the amount of sunlight that will pass through the windows of the Studenica Monastery Church. This model is general enough that it may be applied to any building for which the position and area of the windows are known. Our model allows for a quantitative measure of amount of Sun light that reaches any chosen set of windows of the Studenica Monastery Church. This model of many steps toward answering the question of whether or not the Studenica monastery in Serbia was constructed in a way that uses Greco-Roman astronomical knowledge of solar position. We employ the use of the solar position function developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Mahooti (2020). The solar calculator gives the position of the Sun with an accuracy of ±0.0003° for years -2000 to 6000 AD. We also use a spherical atmospheric model which accounts for building elevation to calculate solar intensity loss due to the atmosphere. Average values are chosen for Earth albedo, atmospheric temperature, pressure and refraction. The change in a building’s internal illumination due to rotation is dependent on the distribution of windows and the orientation of the building with respect to the cardinal directions. Our model of Studenica indicates that a skew of approximately 5° results in significant increases and reductions in total internal illumination by up to ±10 − 20% in both the morning and the evening. By isolating various groupings of windows we are also able to understand how the macroscopic illumination of various parts of the monastery are illuminated by the Sun. All groupings of windows see significant changes in illumination over the course of the year, except for the Dome windows, whose illumination remains the most stable over the course of a year. The most light seems to enter through the lowest windows with less entering in the upper cubic pedestal and Dome. Some of the increases in solar illumination seems to occur in periods of the morning that would have been of liturgical importance and decreases of sunlight seem to occur around noon and in the afternoon. Though, there is no hard and fast rule for when increases and decreases in illumination occur. There is a complex interplay between the Monastery’s architecture and the amount of sunlight, leaving us with further work to analyze the effects of light within Studenica by ray tracing. Our results are consistent with those found by Jabi and Potamianos (2007). This work builds upon previous work by Dragovic et al. (2019a,b) who have analyzed the regular geometric shapes of Raška churches that underlie their proportional construction. Highlighted is the importance of similar geometric proportions and the use of roots, the gold ratio and numeric ratios in both the Studenica and Žiča monastery complex. This approach is general enough to be applied to any ˇ structure for which the window areas and positions are known
T2  - Virtual Workshop: Natural Light in Medieval Churches Between Bizantium and West
T1  - Modeling the interior sunlight effects of Studenica Monastery
UR  - https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_2493
ER  - 

@misc{
author = "Yeager, Travis and Danilovic, Dusan and Karton, Charles and Bogdanović, Jelena and Dragović, Magdalena",
year = "2020",
abstract = "The local path of the Sun influences the architecture of our buildings. We have developed a model to measure the amount of sunlight that will pass through the windows of the Studenica Monastery Church. This model is general enough that it may be applied to any building for which the position and area of the windows are known. Our model allows for a quantitative measure of amount of Sun light that reaches any chosen set of windows of the Studenica Monastery Church. This model of many steps toward answering the question of whether or not the Studenica monastery in Serbia was constructed in a way that uses Greco-Roman astronomical knowledge of solar position. We employ the use of the solar position function developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Mahooti (2020). The solar calculator gives the position of the Sun with an accuracy of ±0.0003° for years -2000 to 6000 AD. We also use a spherical atmospheric model which accounts for building elevation to calculate solar intensity loss due to the atmosphere. Average values are chosen for Earth albedo, atmospheric temperature, pressure and refraction. The change in a building’s internal illumination due to rotation is dependent on the distribution of windows and the orientation of the building with respect to the cardinal directions. Our model of Studenica indicates that a skew of approximately 5° results in significant increases and reductions in total internal illumination by up to ±10 − 20% in both the morning and the evening. By isolating various groupings of windows we are also able to understand how the macroscopic illumination of various parts of the monastery are illuminated by the Sun. All groupings of windows see significant changes in illumination over the course of the year, except for the Dome windows, whose illumination remains the most stable over the course of a year. The most light seems to enter through the lowest windows with less entering in the upper cubic pedestal and Dome. Some of the increases in solar illumination seems to occur in periods of the morning that would have been of liturgical importance and decreases of sunlight seem to occur around noon and in the afternoon. Though, there is no hard and fast rule for when increases and decreases in illumination occur. There is a complex interplay between the Monastery’s architecture and the amount of sunlight, leaving us with further work to analyze the effects of light within Studenica by ray tracing. Our results are consistent with those found by Jabi and Potamianos (2007). This work builds upon previous work by Dragovic et al. (2019a,b) who have analyzed the regular geometric shapes of Raška churches that underlie their proportional construction. Highlighted is the importance of similar geometric proportions and the use of roots, the gold ratio and numeric ratios in both the Studenica and Žiča monastery complex. This approach is general enough to be applied to any ˇ structure for which the window areas and positions are known",
journal = "Virtual Workshop: Natural Light in Medieval Churches Between Bizantium and West",
title = "Modeling the interior sunlight effects of Studenica Monastery",
url = "https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_2493"
}

Yeager, T., Danilovic, D., Karton, C., Bogdanović, J.,& Dragović, M.. (2020). Modeling the interior sunlight effects of Studenica Monastery. in Virtual Workshop: Natural Light in Medieval Churches Between Bizantium and West.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_2493

Yeager T, Danilovic D, Karton C, Bogdanović J, Dragović M. Modeling the interior sunlight effects of Studenica Monastery. in Virtual Workshop: Natural Light in Medieval Churches Between Bizantium and West. 2020;.
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_2493 .

Yeager, Travis, Danilovic, Dusan, Karton, Charles, Bogdanović, Jelena, Dragović, Magdalena, "Modeling the interior sunlight effects of Studenica Monastery" in Virtual Workshop: Natural Light in Medieval Churches Between Bizantium and West (2020),
https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_grafar_2493 .