TY  - JOUR
AU  - Zhang, Kefeng
AU  - Ranđelović, Anja
AU  - Deletić, Ana
AU  - Page, Declan
AU  - McCarthy, David
PY  - 2016
UR  - https://grafar.grf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/790
AB  - Stormwater biofilters must be validated before they can be a trusted component of the treatment train used for water supply augmentation. Currently, only in situ challenge testing is accepted for treatment validation, yet this is impractical for stormwater biofilters because of their size and operational conditions; e.g. stormwater harvesting biofilters are often large systems that receive significant volumes of urban stormwater during short periods of time. This study proposes an alternative validation tool for stormwater biofilters that uses a process-based model calibrated against in situ tracer and laboratory based data. The method is developed and tested using fluorescein as the reference micropollutant at two different biofilters: (i) a well-designed system that uses sand as filter media and has a submerged zone (S-SZ), and (ii) a system with loamy sand (with content of silt and clay well above best practice), which does not have a submerged zone (LS-noSZ). Firstly, a model that can simulate hydrodynamic and pollutant transport of micropollutants in stormwater biofilters was selected. In situ tracer tests and laboratory batch studies were then performed to derive the model parameters using soil samples collected from the two biofilters. Without further calibration, the model was applied to simulate a number of in situ fluorescein challenge tests performed on the biofilters. The modelled outflow concentrations were compared with the in situ measurements, showing that the proposed alternative validation method could provide reliable predictions of fluorescein removal in the S-SZ, with predicted outflow concentrations agreeable to the measured data (Nash Sutcliffe coefficient, E = 0.67). The peak outflow concentrations that are important for validation study were particularly well modelled; the differences between the modelled and measured peak values were -3.9% to +7.4% for spiking tests and -4.4% to 28% for flushing/rinsing tests. However, for LS-noSZ, the proposed tool did not work well (E = 1.7), which was attributed to the fact that flow through this system could not be reliably modelled due to high silt and clay content in the soil. The differences of peak concentrations of LS-noSZ were between 3.6% (under-predicted) and +76% (over-predicted).
PB  - Elsevier
T2  - Ecological Engineering
T1  - Stormwater biofilters: A new validation modelling tool
EP  - 61
SP  - 53
VL  - 87
DO  - 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.11.014
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Zhang, Kefeng and Ranđelović, Anja and Deletić, Ana and Page, Declan and McCarthy, David",
year = "2016",
abstract = "Stormwater biofilters must be validated before they can be a trusted component of the treatment train used for water supply augmentation. Currently, only in situ challenge testing is accepted for treatment validation, yet this is impractical for stormwater biofilters because of their size and operational conditions; e.g. stormwater harvesting biofilters are often large systems that receive significant volumes of urban stormwater during short periods of time. This study proposes an alternative validation tool for stormwater biofilters that uses a process-based model calibrated against in situ tracer and laboratory based data. The method is developed and tested using fluorescein as the reference micropollutant at two different biofilters: (i) a well-designed system that uses sand as filter media and has a submerged zone (S-SZ), and (ii) a system with loamy sand (with content of silt and clay well above best practice), which does not have a submerged zone (LS-noSZ). Firstly, a model that can simulate hydrodynamic and pollutant transport of micropollutants in stormwater biofilters was selected. In situ tracer tests and laboratory batch studies were then performed to derive the model parameters using soil samples collected from the two biofilters. Without further calibration, the model was applied to simulate a number of in situ fluorescein challenge tests performed on the biofilters. The modelled outflow concentrations were compared with the in situ measurements, showing that the proposed alternative validation method could provide reliable predictions of fluorescein removal in the S-SZ, with predicted outflow concentrations agreeable to the measured data (Nash Sutcliffe coefficient, E = 0.67). The peak outflow concentrations that are important for validation study were particularly well modelled; the differences between the modelled and measured peak values were -3.9% to +7.4% for spiking tests and -4.4% to 28% for flushing/rinsing tests. However, for LS-noSZ, the proposed tool did not work well (E = 1.7), which was attributed to the fact that flow through this system could not be reliably modelled due to high silt and clay content in the soil. The differences of peak concentrations of LS-noSZ were between 3.6% (under-predicted) and +76% (over-predicted).",
publisher = "Elsevier",
journal = "Ecological Engineering",
title = "Stormwater biofilters: A new validation modelling tool",
pages = "61-53",
volume = "87",
doi = "10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.11.014"
}

Zhang, K., Ranđelović, A., Deletić, A., Page, D.,& McCarthy, D.. (2016). Stormwater biofilters: A new validation modelling tool. in Ecological Engineering
Elsevier., 87, 53-61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.11.014

Zhang K, Ranđelović A, Deletić A, Page D, McCarthy D. Stormwater biofilters: A new validation modelling tool. in Ecological Engineering. 2016;87:53-61.
doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.11.014 .

Zhang, Kefeng, Ranđelović, Anja, Deletić, Ana, Page, Declan, McCarthy, David, "Stormwater biofilters: A new validation modelling tool" in Ecological Engineering, 87 (2016):53-61,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.11.014 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Ranđelović, Anja
AU  - Zhang, Kefeng
AU  - Jaćimović, Nenad
AU  - McCarthy, David
AU  - Deletić, Ana
PY  - 2016
UR  - https://grafar.grf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/781
AB  - Biofiltration systems, also known as bioretentions or rain-gardens, are widely used for treatment of stormwater. In order to design them well, it is important to improve models that can predict their performance. This paper presents a rare model that can simulate removal of a wide range of micro pollutants from stormwater by biofilters. The model is based on (1) a bucket approach for water flow simulation, and (2) advection/dispersion transport equations for pollutant transport and fate. The latter includes chemical non-equilibrium two-site model of sorption, first-order decay, and volatilization, thus is a compromise between the limited availability of data (on stormwater micro-pollutants) and the required complexity to accurately describe the nature of the phenomenon. The model was calibrated and independently validated on two field data series collected for different organic micro-pollutants at two biofilters of different design. This included data on triazines (atrazine, prometryn, and simazine), glyphosate, and chloroform during six simulated stormwater events. The data included variable and challenging biofilter operational conditions; e.g. variable inflow volumes, dry and wet period dynamics, and inflow pollutant concentrations. The model was able to simulate water flow well, with slight discrepancies being observed only during long dry periods when, presumably, soil cracking occurred. In general, the agreement between simulated and measured pollutographs was good. As with flows, the long dry periods posed a problem for water quality simulation (e.g. simazine and prometryn were difficult to model in low inflow events that followed prolonged dry periods). However, it was encouraging that pollutant transport and fate parameters estimated by the model calibration were in agreement with available literature data. This suggests that the model could probably be adopted for assessment of biofilter performance of other stormwater micro-pollutants (PAHs, phenols, phthalates, etc.). The model, therefore, could be applied in practice for sizing of biofilter systems and their validation monitoring, when used for stormwater harvesting.
PB  - Elsevier Ltd
T2  - Water Research
T1  - Stormwater biofilter treatment model (MPiRe) for selected micro-pollutants
EP  - 191
SP  - 180
VL  - 89
DO  - 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.046
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Ranđelović, Anja and Zhang, Kefeng and Jaćimović, Nenad and McCarthy, David and Deletić, Ana",
year = "2016",
abstract = "Biofiltration systems, also known as bioretentions or rain-gardens, are widely used for treatment of stormwater. In order to design them well, it is important to improve models that can predict their performance. This paper presents a rare model that can simulate removal of a wide range of micro pollutants from stormwater by biofilters. The model is based on (1) a bucket approach for water flow simulation, and (2) advection/dispersion transport equations for pollutant transport and fate. The latter includes chemical non-equilibrium two-site model of sorption, first-order decay, and volatilization, thus is a compromise between the limited availability of data (on stormwater micro-pollutants) and the required complexity to accurately describe the nature of the phenomenon. The model was calibrated and independently validated on two field data series collected for different organic micro-pollutants at two biofilters of different design. This included data on triazines (atrazine, prometryn, and simazine), glyphosate, and chloroform during six simulated stormwater events. The data included variable and challenging biofilter operational conditions; e.g. variable inflow volumes, dry and wet period dynamics, and inflow pollutant concentrations. The model was able to simulate water flow well, with slight discrepancies being observed only during long dry periods when, presumably, soil cracking occurred. In general, the agreement between simulated and measured pollutographs was good. As with flows, the long dry periods posed a problem for water quality simulation (e.g. simazine and prometryn were difficult to model in low inflow events that followed prolonged dry periods). However, it was encouraging that pollutant transport and fate parameters estimated by the model calibration were in agreement with available literature data. This suggests that the model could probably be adopted for assessment of biofilter performance of other stormwater micro-pollutants (PAHs, phenols, phthalates, etc.). The model, therefore, could be applied in practice for sizing of biofilter systems and their validation monitoring, when used for stormwater harvesting.",
publisher = "Elsevier Ltd",
journal = "Water Research",
title = "Stormwater biofilter treatment model (MPiRe) for selected micro-pollutants",
pages = "191-180",
volume = "89",
doi = "10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.046"
}

Ranđelović, A., Zhang, K., Jaćimović, N., McCarthy, D.,& Deletić, A.. (2016). Stormwater biofilter treatment model (MPiRe) for selected micro-pollutants. in Water Research
Elsevier Ltd., 89, 180-191.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.046

Ranđelović A, Zhang K, Jaćimović N, McCarthy D, Deletić A. Stormwater biofilter treatment model (MPiRe) for selected micro-pollutants. in Water Research. 2016;89:180-191.
doi:10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.046 .

Ranđelović, Anja, Zhang, Kefeng, Jaćimović, Nenad, McCarthy, David, Deletić, Ana, "Stormwater biofilter treatment model (MPiRe) for selected micro-pollutants" in Water Research, 89 (2016):180-191,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.046 . .

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Zhang, Kefeng
AU  - Ranđelović, Anja
AU  - Aguiar, Larissa M.
AU  - Page, Declan
AU  - McCarthy, David
AU  - Deletić, Ana
PY  - 2015
UR  - https://grafar.grf.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/714
AB  - Background Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) systems are frequently used as part of a stormwater harvesting treatment trains (e.g. biofilters (bio-retentions and rain-gardens) and wetlands). However, validation frameworks for such systems do not exist, limiting their adoption for end-uses such as drinking water. The first stage in the validation framework is pre-validation, which prepares information for further validation monitoring. Objectives A pre-validation roadmap, consisting of five steps, is suggested in this paper. Detailed methods for investigating target micropollutants in stormwater, and determining challenge conditions for biofilters and wetlands, are provided. Methods A literature review was undertaken to identify and quantify micropollutants in stormwater. MUSIC V5.1 was utilized to simulate the behaviour of the systems based on 30-year rainfall data in three distinct climate zones; outputs were evaluated to identify the threshold of operational variables, including length of dry periods (LDPs) and volume of water treated per event. Results The paper highlights that a number of micropollutants were found in stormwater at levels above various worldwide drinking water guidelines (eight pesticides, benzene, benzo(a) pyrene, pentachlorophenol, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate and a total of polychlorinated biphenyls). The 95th percentile LDPs was exponentially related to system design area while the 5th percentile length of dry periods remained within short durations (i.e. 2-8 hours). 95th percentile volume of water treated per event was exponentially related to system design area as a percentage of an impervious catchment area. Conclusions The out-comings of this study show that pre-validation could be completed through a roadmap consisting of a series of steps; this will help in the validation of stormwater treatment systems.
PB  - Public Library of Science
T2  - PLOS One
T1  - Methodologies for Pre-Validation of Biofilters and Wetlands for Stormwater Treatment
IS  - 5
VL  - 10
DO  - 10.1371/journal.pone.0125979
ER  - 

@article{
author = "Zhang, Kefeng and Ranđelović, Anja and Aguiar, Larissa M. and Page, Declan and McCarthy, David and Deletić, Ana",
year = "2015",
abstract = "Background Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) systems are frequently used as part of a stormwater harvesting treatment trains (e.g. biofilters (bio-retentions and rain-gardens) and wetlands). However, validation frameworks for such systems do not exist, limiting their adoption for end-uses such as drinking water. The first stage in the validation framework is pre-validation, which prepares information for further validation monitoring. Objectives A pre-validation roadmap, consisting of five steps, is suggested in this paper. Detailed methods for investigating target micropollutants in stormwater, and determining challenge conditions for biofilters and wetlands, are provided. Methods A literature review was undertaken to identify and quantify micropollutants in stormwater. MUSIC V5.1 was utilized to simulate the behaviour of the systems based on 30-year rainfall data in three distinct climate zones; outputs were evaluated to identify the threshold of operational variables, including length of dry periods (LDPs) and volume of water treated per event. Results The paper highlights that a number of micropollutants were found in stormwater at levels above various worldwide drinking water guidelines (eight pesticides, benzene, benzo(a) pyrene, pentachlorophenol, di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate and a total of polychlorinated biphenyls). The 95th percentile LDPs was exponentially related to system design area while the 5th percentile length of dry periods remained within short durations (i.e. 2-8 hours). 95th percentile volume of water treated per event was exponentially related to system design area as a percentage of an impervious catchment area. Conclusions The out-comings of this study show that pre-validation could be completed through a roadmap consisting of a series of steps; this will help in the validation of stormwater treatment systems.",
publisher = "Public Library of Science",
journal = "PLOS One",
title = "Methodologies for Pre-Validation of Biofilters and Wetlands for Stormwater Treatment",
number = "5",
volume = "10",
doi = "10.1371/journal.pone.0125979"
}

Zhang, K., Ranđelović, A., Aguiar, L. M., Page, D., McCarthy, D.,& Deletić, A.. (2015). Methodologies for Pre-Validation of Biofilters and Wetlands for Stormwater Treatment. in PLOS One
Public Library of Science., 10(5).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125979

Zhang K, Ranđelović A, Aguiar LM, Page D, McCarthy D, Deletić A. Methodologies for Pre-Validation of Biofilters and Wetlands for Stormwater Treatment. in PLOS One. 2015;10(5).
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125979 .

Zhang, Kefeng, Ranđelović, Anja, Aguiar, Larissa M., Page, Declan, McCarthy, David, Deletić, Ana, "Methodologies for Pre-Validation of Biofilters and Wetlands for Stormwater Treatment" in PLOS One, 10, no. 5 (2015),
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125979 . .